Environmental Impact of C Excavation Mining Activities in Banyakan District

Article History : Article entry : 2021-10-10 Article revised : 2021-11-14 Article received : 2021-12-15 C Excavation mining activities in Banyakan District, Kediri Regency have been going on for a long time. This is necessary to support the creation of good infrastructure and become one of the cornerstones for development progress, but in its implementation, it must pay attention to the preservation of the natural environment. Therefore, it is necessary to research to balance the two things. This study uses a descriptive analysis method with a quantitative approach, survey, and interview methods for data collection. Afterward, the survey data were analyzed by nonparametric test using the free K-sample test, validity and reliability tests, and quantitative analysis using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results of the discussion found environmental damage due to C excavation activities which often occur and have a major impact in Tiron Village, Banyakan District, including damage to road infrastructure, air pollution, and loss of rural feel. Therefore, to overcome this, several responses that can be taken include all parties having to allocate special funds for road infrastructure improvements, policies from the government that are in favor of the community and the environment, and reclamation of ex-mining land to restore a rural feel and good standard air quality.


Introduction
Increasing development requires humans to develop as well, both in terms of quality and quantity. Likewise, with the development of infrastructure that requires excavation materials, especially C excavation [1]. Therefore, mining activities for C excavation are increasingly frequent [2]. C excavation mining activity is the initial part of the development process of a project, while the results from mining are soil, gebal stone, sand, and also crushed stone [3]. C Excavation mining activities are really needed to support development and also have an impact on the surrounding community [4] [5], but these activities also have an impact on the environment, these things cannot be denied [6]. Floods and landslides are real impacts of mining activities [7]. Therefore, an effort from various parties is needed to preserve the natural environment, so as not to cause damage that results in the cessation of development [8]. The largest C excavation mining in the Kediri area is in the Banyakan District, precisely in the Tiron Village. The village has abundant wealth because it is located on the slopes of Mount Wilis actually experiences drought even in the rainy season [9]. In addition, air pollution and road damage due to truck traffic carrying excavated materials are also felt by local residents. That incident is one of the environmental impacts of the mining activity of C Excavation in the area [10].
Indeed, in Article 33 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution it is stated that "earth, water and natural resources contained therein are controlled by the state and can be used for the prosperity of the people", but in its implementation it must pay attention to the preservation of the natural environment, therefore in the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 26 of 2018, it is explained that every company that carries out mining is required to conserve, manage and monitor the environment against pollution and damage [11] [12]. This research is very necessary because in fact, mining entrepreneurs seem indifferent to these regulations, as evidenced by the negative impact of mining activities on the environment which is felt directly by the surrounding community [13][14] [15]. This situation made the villagers of Tiron refuse by writing a letter to the Regent of Kediri and the DPRD of Kediri Regency. Yet so far there has been no effort from the Kediri district government to suppress the impact of mining activities [10].
This study aims to find out how the categorization of environmental impacts caused by C excavation mining activities in the Banyakan District and also how the efforts made to reduce the impact on the environment by the government and also parties involved in C excavation mining activities, especially some mining entrepreneurs and the community in Tiron Village, Banyakan District. It is hoped that with this research related parties can jointly carry out development and maintain the natural environment.

Extractive or Minerals
According to Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, all excavated materials contained in the Indonesian mining jurisdiction are national assets and are controlled and used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people. Excavated materials are chemical elements of minerals, ores, and all kinds of rocks, including starting rock which is a natural deposit.
Excavated materials are divided into three groups, such as A excavation which is classified as strategic minerals, B excavation is classified as a group of vital minerals, and C excavation, which is not classified as strategic or vital. The division of the three groups of minerals is based on the importance of the minerals in question for the country. Strategic minerals are used for the defense and security of the State or to ensure the economy of the State. Vital minerals can be interpreted as minerals that can guarantee the livelihood of many people [16].
C excavation group is a mineral that is considered to indirectly affect the livelihood and national security. Virtually the use of the term C excavation is no longer appropriate because it has been regulated in Law no. 4 of 2009 the use of the term C excavation has been changed to "the rocks", but it is commonly referred to as C excavation [17]. "The rocks" is a mining material commonly used for infrastructure projects such as sand, crushed stone, soil and so on [16].
This study obtained data from surveys, then the data were analyzed by nonparametric tests using the free K-sample test, validity and reliability tests, and quantitative analysis using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Which, it can make the novelty in this research. This research is worthwhile to help improve road infrastructure, reclaim ex-mining land, and restore a rural feel to get good air quality.

Environmental Impact
Environment according to Law no. 32 of 2009 is the unity of space, objects, conditions and living things that affect nature, the continuity of life, and the welfare of humans and other living things [18]. Environmental impact is the effect of changes in the environment caused by an activity that is in direct contact with the environment. Activities in the form of mining, excavation, logging and so on that exceed the standard criteria can cause environmental damage [19].

Research Method
The data used in this study were obtained from field survey and interview methods.
Observations were carried out directly at the excavation site in Tiron Village, Banyakan District. Questionnaire instruments are used to obtain primary data in the field. The sample in Environmental Impact of C Excavation Mining Activities in Banyakan District https://doi.org/10.30736/cvl.v2i2 this study were parties related to C excavation in Tiron Village using purposive sampling, which selected samples that were directly related to the object of research. Meanwhile, for data processing using descriptive analysis method with a quantitative approach. The survey data were analyzed by non-parametric test using the free K-sample test / Kruskal Wallis H test, followed by the Validity Test and Reliability Test, afterwards, the test results were continued with the analysis of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. After that, with expert recommendations, a strategy for managing the impact of C excavation activities in the Banyakan District was developed.

Observation Results
The research data was obtained from observation and reference studies related to the topic of this research. With purposive sampling technique obtained 6 expert respondents and 30 general respondents. Initial data analysis begins by collecting the impacts that occur due to   From the results of the validity test using IBM SPSS V.24, it is stated that the overall results of the questionnaire are valid because the significant value is < 0.05.

Reliability Test
The reliability test was carried out by looking at the Cronbach Alpha coefficient value, if the Cronbach Alpha coefficient value > 0.6 then the questionnaire was declared reliable. From the results of reliability testing using IBM SPSS V.24, it was found that the questionnaire was reliable because the Cronbach Alpha value was > 0.6, and it could be continued in the next analysis.

Analytical Hierarchy Process
This analysis begins with a pairwise matrix comparison to determine element weights, followed by a matrix consistency test, and impact categorization. The comparison of the magnitude of the impact and the frequency of the impact can be seen in the following

Source: Processed Results
The next analysis is to test the consistency of the matrix by looking at the maximum eigen value (ʎ max) must be close to the number of elements (n) and the rest of the eigen value is close to zero. The consistency calculation is done by multiplying the average element with the original matrix, so that the ʎ max value is obtained as follows: 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 The results of the calculation of the Factor Value as shown in the following table:

Impact Management Analysis
From the previous discussion, it is known that the impact category is from low to high category, then the results are validated by experts and all experts agree with these results.
Damage to road infrastructure (X2), air pollution (X3) and loss of rustic feel (X5) are in the high category because they have a high impact magnitude and frequent impact frequency.
Then for the impact of the high category, the handling is analyzed with expert recommendations. The expert recommendations for handling high category impacts are as follows: can be used as a tourist location that would improve the community's economy and return to a beautiful rustic feel.

Conclusion
C excavation activities are indeed needed to support the creation of good infrastructure and become one of the foundations for development progress, but in its implementation, it must pay attention to the preservation of the natural environment. Environmental damage due to C excavation activities that often occur and have a major impacts in Tiron Village, Banyakan District based on the results of this study include damage to road infrastructure, air pollution (dust and smoke), missing the rustic feel, there are health problems for local residents, reduced agricultural land, reduced availability of ground water, flood, land surface changes (holes), landslide, there are frequent accidents on the transportation route, decrease in wildlife, loss of fertile soil, groundwater pollution, and there is a conflict in the village.
Therefore, all parties must work together to overcome this, several responses that can be taken to deal with these impacts include all parties having to allocate special funds for road infrastructure improvements, policies from the government that are in favor of the community and the environment, and land reclamation is carried out C excavation former lands to restore a rustic feel for the good air quality standards.